Ilimin asali na injinan lantarki

1. Gabatarwar Motocin Lantarki

Motar lantarki wata na'ura ce da ke canza makamashin lantarki zuwa makamashin injina.Yana amfani da na'ura mai kuzari (watau stator winding) don samar da filin maganadisu mai jujjuya kuma yayi aiki akan na'ura mai juyi (kamar squirrel keji rufaffen firam na aluminum) don samar da juzu'in jujjuyawar magnetoelectric.

Motocin lantarki sun kasu kashi-kashi na DC Motors da AC Motors bisa ga mabambantan hanyoyin wutar lantarki da ake amfani da su.Yawancin motocin da ke cikin tsarin wutar lantarki sune AC Motors, waɗanda za su iya zama injina na aiki tare ko injin asynchronous (gudun filin maganadisu na motar ba ya kula da saurin daidaitawa tare da saurin jujjuyawar juyi).

Motar lantarki galibi ta ƙunshi stator da na'ura mai juyi, kuma alkiblar ƙarfin da ke aiki akan wayar da ke da kuzari a cikin filin maganadisu yana da alaƙa da alkiblar halin yanzu da kuma alkiblar layin induction na maganadisu (direction filin maganadisu).Ka'idar aiki na injin lantarki shine tasirin filin maganadisu akan ƙarfin da ke aiki akan halin yanzu, yana haifar da motsin motsi.

2. Rarraba injinan lantarki

① Rarraba ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki

Dangane da mabambantan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na injinan lantarki, ana iya raba su zuwa injin DC da injin AC.Motocin AC suma sun kasu kashi-kashi-jujujujujujujujujujujujur ​​ne da injina mai hawa uku.

② Rarraba ta tsari da ka'idar aiki

Ana iya raba injinan lantarki zuwa injina na DC, injinan asynchronous, da injunan aiki tare bisa tsarinsu da ƙa'idar aiki.Hakanan za'a iya raba injunan aiki tare zuwa na'urori masu aiki tare da maganadisu na dindindin, injunan aiki tare da rashin son juna, da injina na aiki tare.Ana iya raba injinan asynchronous zuwa induction Motors da AC commutator Motors.Motocin shigar sun kara kasu kashi uku na injina asynchronous da inuwar sandar sandar asynchronous.Hakanan ana raba motocin masu motsi na AC zuwa jerin abubuwan motsa jiki na lokaci-lokaci, injina biyu na AC DC, da injina masu tsauri.

③ Rarrabe ta hanyar farawa da yanayin aiki

Za'a iya raba injinan lantarki zuwa capacitor farawa guda ɗaya asynchronous motors, capacitor mai sarrafa injin asynchronous lokaci ɗaya, capacitor ya fara injin asynchronous lokaci ɗaya, da tsaga injinan asynchronous lokaci-lokaci guda ɗaya gwargwadon farawa da yanayin aiki.

④ Rarraba ta manufa

Ana iya raba injinan lantarki zuwa injin tuƙi da kuma injin sarrafawa gwargwadon manufarsu.

Ana ƙara rarraba injinan lantarki don tuƙi zuwa kayan aikin lantarki (ciki har da hakowa, gogewa, gogewa, slotting, yankan, da faɗaɗa kayan aikin), injinan lantarki don kayan aikin gida (ciki har da injin wanki, magoya bayan wutar lantarki, firiji, kwandishan, na'urar daukar hoto, rikodin bidiyo). Na'urar DVD, injin tsabtace injin, kyamarori, masu hura wutar lantarki, masu aski na lantarki, da sauransu), da sauran ƙananan kayan aikin inji (ciki har da ƙananan na'urori daban-daban, ƙananan injina, kayan aikin likita, kayan lantarki, da sauransu).

Motocin sarrafawa sun kara kasu kashi biyu masu motsi na stepper da servo Motors.
⑤ Rarraba ta tsarin rotor

Dangane da tsarin na'ura mai juyi, ana iya raba injinan lantarki zuwa injin induction na keji (wanda aka fi sani da squirrel cage asynchronous motors) da kuma injin induction na rotor (wanda aka sani da raunin asynchronous Motors).

⑥ An rarraba ta hanyar saurin aiki

Ana iya raba injinan lantarki zuwa manyan injina masu sauri, masu saurin gudu, injina masu saurin gudu akai-akai, da injinan gudu masu canzawa gwargwadon saurin aiki.

⑦ Rarraba ta hanyar kariya

a.Buɗe nau'in (kamar IP11, IP22).

Sai dai tsarin tallafi mai mahimmanci, motar ba ta da kariya ta musamman don sassa masu juyawa da rayuwa.

b.Nau'in Rufe (kamar IP44, IP54).

Juyawa da ɓangarorin raye-raye a cikin kwandon motar suna buƙatar kariyar injiniyoyi masu mahimmanci don hana haɗuwa da haɗari, amma hakan baya hana samun iska sosai.Motocin kariya sun kasu kashi-kashi iri-iri bisa ga mabanbantan iskar su da tsarin kariya.

ⓐ Nau'in murfin raga.

An lulluɓe buɗewar samun iska na motar da rufaffiyar ruɗaɗɗe don hana jujjuyawar sassan motar da ke raye daga haɗuwa da abubuwa na waje.

ⓑ Mai jure ɗigo.

Tsarin hushin motar na iya hana faɗuwar ruwa a tsaye ko daskararrun shiga cikin motar kai tsaye.

Ƙididdigar faɗakarwa.

Tsarin hushin motar na iya hana ruwa ko daskararru shiga cikin motar ta kowace hanya a cikin kewayon kusurwar tsaye na 100 °.

ⓓ Rufe.

Tsarin rumbun motar na iya hana musayar iska ta kyauta a ciki da wajen rumbun, amma baya buƙatar cikakken rufewa.

Mai hana ruwa ruwa.
Tsarin akwati na motar zai iya hana ruwa tare da wani matsa lamba daga shiga ciki na motar.

ⓕ Rashin ruwa.

Lokacin da motar ta nutse cikin ruwa, tsarin rumbun motar na iya hana ruwa shiga cikin motar.

ⓖ Salon nutsewa.

Motar lantarki na iya aiki a cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin ƙimar ruwa.

ⓗ Hujjar fashewa.

Tsarin kwandon motar ya isa don hana fashewar iskar gas a cikin motar daga watsawa zuwa waje na motar, haifar da fashewar gas mai ƙonewa a wajen motar.Aiki na hukuma “Littafin Injiniyan Injiniya”, gidan mai injin injiniya!

⑧ Rarraba ta hanyar samun iska da hanyoyin sanyaya

a.sanyaya kai.

Motocin lantarki sun dogara ne kawai da hasken sama da kwararar iska don sanyaya.

b.Mai sanyaya kai.

Motar lantarki tana motsa ta da fan wanda ke ba da iska mai sanyaya don sanyaya saman ko cikin motar.

c.Ya fanka a sanyaye.

Fannonin da ke ba da iska mai sanyaya ba injin lantarkin da kansa ke tafiyar da shi ba, amma ana sarrafa shi da kansa.

d.Nau'in bututun iska.

Ba a shigar da iskar sanyaya kai tsaye ko fitarwa daga wajen motar ko daga cikin motar, amma ana shigar da ita ko kuma fitar da ita daga motar ta hanyar bututun.Magoya bayan iskar bututun na iya zama mai sanyaya mai son kai ko kuma sanyaya sauran fanfo.

e.Liquid sanyaya.

Ana sanyaya injinan lantarki da ruwa.

f.Rufewar iskar gas mai sanyaya.

Matsakaicin kewayawa don sanyaya motar yana cikin rufaffiyar da'ira wanda ya haɗa da motar da mai sanyaya.Matsakaicin sanyaya yana ɗaukar zafi lokacin wucewa ta cikin motar kuma yana sakin zafi lokacin wucewa ta cikin mai sanyaya.
g.Sanyaya saman da sanyin ciki.

Na’urar sanyaya da ba ta wucewa ta cikin madubin motar ana kiranta da yanayin sanyaya, yayin da na’urar sanyaya da ke wucewa ta cikin na’urar ana kiranta da ciki.

⑨ Rarraba ta hanyar tsari na shigarwa

Tsarin shigarwa na injinan lantarki yawanci ana wakilta ta lambobin.

An wakilta lambar ta gajeriyar IM don shigarwa na duniya,

Harafin farko a cikin IM yana wakiltar lambar nau'in shigarwa, B yana wakiltar shigarwa a kwance, kuma V yana wakiltar shigarwa a tsaye;

Lambobi na biyu na wakiltar lambar fasalin, wanda lambobin Larabci ke wakilta.

⑩ Rarraba ta matakin rufewa

A-matakin, E-matakin, B-matakin, F-matakin, H-matakin, C-matakin.Ana nuna rarrabuwar matakin rufin motoci a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa.

⑪ Rarraba bisa ga kimanta lokutan aiki

Tsarin aiki mai ci gaba, tsaka-tsaki, da ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Tsarin Ayyuka na Ci gaba (SI).Motar tana tabbatar da aiki na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙima da aka ƙayyade akan farantin suna.

Kwanan lokacin aiki (S2).Motar na iya aiki na ɗan ƙayyadadden lokaci kawai ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙima da aka ƙayyade akan farantin suna.Akwai nau'ikan ma'auni huɗu na tsawon lokaci don aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci: 10min, 30min, 60min, da 90min.

Tsarin aiki na wucin gadi (S3).Za a iya amfani da motar ta ɗan lokaci kuma lokaci-lokaci a ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙima da aka ƙayyade akan farantin suna, wanda aka bayyana azaman kashi na mintuna 10 a kowane zagaye.Misali, FC=25%;Daga cikin su, S4 zuwa S10 suna cikin tsarin aiki na wucin gadi da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

9.2.3 Laifin gama gari na injinan lantarki

Motocin lantarki sukan gamu da kurakurai daban-daban yayin aiki na dogon lokaci.

Idan jujjuyawar juzu'i tsakanin mai haɗawa da mai ragewa yana da girma, rami mai haɗawa akan farfajiyar flange yana nuna lalacewa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke haɓaka rata mai dacewa na haɗin kai kuma yana haifar da watsawar juyi mara ƙarfi;Rashin lalacewa na matsayi wanda ya haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar motar motar;Sawa tsakanin maɓalli da maɓalli, da sauransu. Bayan faruwar irin waɗannan matsalolin, hanyoyin gargajiya sun fi mayar da hankali kan gyaran walda ko injina bayan goge goge, amma duka biyun suna da wasu kurakurai.

Ba za a iya kawar da damuwa na thermal da aka yi ta hanyar waldi na gyaran zafi mai zafi ba, wanda ke da wuyar lankwasa ko karaya;Duk da haka, goge goge yana iyakance ta kauri na rufin kuma yana da saurin kwasfa, kuma hanyoyin biyu suna amfani da ƙarfe don gyara ƙarfe, wanda ba zai iya canza dangantakar "mai wuyar gaske".Ƙarƙashin aikin haɗin gwiwar dakaru daban-daban, har yanzu zai haifar da sake lalacewa.

Ƙasashen Yamma na zamani sukan yi amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwar polymer azaman hanyoyin gyara don magance waɗannan batutuwa.Aikace-aikacen kayan polymer don gyarawa baya rinjayar waldawar zafin zafi, kuma kauri na gyare-gyare ba a iyakance ba.A lokaci guda, kayan ƙarfe a cikin samfurin ba su da sassaucin ra'ayi don ɗaukar tasiri da rawar jiki na kayan aiki, kauce wa yiwuwar sake lalacewa, da kuma tsawaita rayuwar sabis na kayan aikin kayan aiki, ceton lokaci mai yawa ga kamfanoni da masana'antu. samar da babbar darajar tattalin arziki.
(1) Lamarin kuskure: Motar ba zai iya farawa ba bayan an haɗa shi

Dalilai da hanyoyin magance su sune kamar haka.

① Kuskuren wiring na Stator - duba wayar kuma gyara kuskuren.

② Buɗe da'ira a cikin iskar stator, gajeriyar kewayawa ƙasa, buɗe da'irar a cikin jujjuyawar motar rotor mai rauni - gano wurin kuskure kuma kawar da shi.

③ Matsanancin nauyi ko makalewar injin watsawa - duba tsarin watsawa da kaya.

④ Buɗaɗɗen kewayawa a cikin da'irar rotor na motar rotor mai rauni (mara kyau lamba tsakanin goga da zobe na zamewa, buɗewar kewayawa a cikin rheostat, ƙarancin lamba a cikin jagorar, da dai sauransu) - gano wurin buɗewa da gyara shi.

⑤ Ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa sosai - bincika dalilin kuma kawar da shi.

⑥ Rashin lokacin samar da wutar lantarki - duba da'irar kuma mayar da matakai uku.

(2) Laifi al'amari: Motar zafin haura da yawa ko shan taba

Dalilai da hanyoyin magance su sune kamar haka.

① Yin lodi ko farawa akai-akai - rage kaya kuma rage yawan farawa.

② Asarar lokaci yayin aiki - duba kewayawa kuma dawo da matakai uku.

③ Kuskuren wiring na stator - duba wayar kuma gyara shi.

④ Wutar lantarki ta ƙasa tana ƙasa, kuma akwai ɗan gajeren kewayawa tsakanin juyi ko matakai - gano wurin ƙasa ko gajeriyar wuri kuma gyara shi.

⑤ Cage rotor winding karye - maye gurbin rotor.

⑥ Bace lokaci aiki na rauni rotor winding - gano kuskure batu da gyara shi.

⑦ Tsaya tsakanin stator da rotor - Duba bearings da rotor don nakasawa, gyara ko maye gurbin.

⑧ Rashin samun iska - duba idan iskar ba ta cika ba.

⑨ Ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai girma ko ƙasa da ƙasa - Bincika dalilin kuma kawar da shi.

(3) Laifi sabon abu: Matsananciyar rawar jiki

Dalilai da hanyoyin magance su sune kamar haka.

① Rotor mara daidaituwa - daidaita ma'auni.

② Ƙwallon ƙafa mara daidaituwa ko lanƙwasa tsawo - duba kuma gyara.

③ Motar ba ta daidaita da axis na kaya - duba kuma daidaita axis na naúrar.

④ Shigar da ba daidai ba na motar - duba shigarwa da screws tushe.

⑤ Yawan wuce gona da iri - rage nauyi.

(4)Al'amarin kuskure: Sauti mara kyau yayin aiki
Dalilai da hanyoyin magance su sune kamar haka.

① Tsaya tsakanin stator da rotor - Duba bearings da rotor don nakasawa, gyara ko maye gurbin.

② Lalacewa ko ƙarancin mai mai laushi - maye gurbin da tsaftace bearings.

③ Aikin hasarar lokaci na Mota - duba wurin buɗewa da gyara shi.

④ Rikici karo tare da casing - bincika kuma kawar da kurakurai.

(5) Lamarin kuskure: Gudun motar ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da ake lodi

Dalilai da hanyoyin magance su sune kamar haka.

① Ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa sosai - duba ƙarfin wutar lantarki.

② Yawan nauyi - duba kaya.

③ Cage rotor winding karye - maye gurbin rotor.

④ Lalacewar lambar sadarwa mara kyau ko katsewar lokaci ɗaya na rukunin waya mai jujjuyawar iska - duba matsin goga, lamba tsakanin goga da zoben zamewa, da jujjuyawar rotor.
(6) Al'amari na kuskure: Cakulan mota yana raye

Dalilai da hanyoyin magance su sune kamar haka.

① Ƙarƙashin ƙasa mara kyau ko babban juriya na ƙasa - Haɗa waya ta ƙasa bisa ga ka'idoji don kawar da kuskuren ƙasa mara kyau.

② Iska tana da ɗanɗano - sha magani bushewa.

③ Lalacewar rufi, karon gubar - Dip fenti don gyara rufi, sake haɗa jagora.9.2.4 Hanyoyin aiki na motoci

① Kafin rabuwa, yi amfani da matsewar iska don busa ƙurar da ke saman motar kuma a goge shi da tsabta.

② Zaɓi wurin aiki don rarrabuwar motar kuma tsaftace yanayin wurin.

③ Sanann da halaye na tsari da kuma kiyaye buƙatun fasaha na injinan lantarki.

④ Shirya kayan aiki masu mahimmanci (ciki har da kayan aiki na musamman) da kayan aiki don rarrabawa.

⑤ Domin ƙara fahimtar lahani a cikin aikin motar, za a iya yin gwajin gwaji kafin rarrabawa idan yanayi ya yarda.Don wannan, ana gwada motar tare da kaya, kuma ana duba yanayin zafi, sauti, rawar jiki, da sauran yanayin kowane ɓangaren motar dalla-dalla.Hakanan ana gwada wutar lantarki, halin yanzu, gudu, da sauransu.Sa'an nan kuma, an cire kayan aiki kuma an gudanar da gwajin gwaji daban-daban don auna nauyin halin yanzu da kuma asarar nauyi, kuma ana yin rikodin.Aiki na hukuma “Littafin Injiniyan Injiniya”, gidan mai injin injiniya!

⑥ Yanke wutar lantarki, cire wayar waje na motar, da adana bayanai.

⑦ Zaɓi megohmmeter mai dacewa da ƙarfin lantarki don gwada juriya na insulating na motar.Don kwatanta ƙimar juriya da aka auna yayin kiyayewa na ƙarshe don sanin yanayin canjin insulation da matsayi na injin, ƙimar juriya da aka auna a yanayin zafi daban-daban yakamata a canza su zuwa zazzabi iri ɗaya, yawanci ana canzawa zuwa 75 ℃.

⑧ Gwada rabon shayarwa K. Lokacin da rabon sha K> 1.33, yana nuna cewa rufin motar ba ta shafi danshi ba ko matakin danshi ba mai tsanani ba.Don kwatantawa da bayanan da suka gabata, ya zama dole a canza yanayin sha da aka auna a kowane zafin jiki zuwa zafin jiki iri ɗaya.

9.2.5 Kulawa da gyaran injinan lantarki

Lokacin da motar ke gudana ko ta lalace, akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu don yin rigakafi da kawar da kurakurai a kan lokaci, wato, kallo, sauraro, wari, da taɓawa, don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na motar.

(1) Duba

Yi la'akari idan akwai rashin daidaituwa a lokacin aikin motar, wanda aka fi bayyana a cikin yanayi masu zuwa.

① Lokacin da iskar stator ke gajeriyar kewayawa, ana iya ganin hayaki daga motar.

② Lokacin da motar ta yi nauyi sosai ko kuma ya ƙare lokaci, saurin zai ragu kuma za a sami sautin "buzzing" mai nauyi.

③ Lokacin da motar ke gudana akai-akai, amma ba zato ba tsammani, tartsatsi na iya bayyana a kwancen haɗin gwiwa;Al'amarin busa fis ko kuma wani bangaren ya makale.

④ Idan motar ta yi rawar jiki da ƙarfi, yana iya zama saboda cunkoson na'urar watsawa, rashin daidaituwar injin, kusoshi mara tushe, da sauransu.

⑤ Idan akwai canza launi, alamun ƙonawa, da tabon hayaƙi a cikin lambobi na ciki da haɗin haɗin motar, yana nuna cewa za'a iya samun zafi na gida, rashin daidaituwa a haɗin haɗin gwiwar, ko ƙonewar iska.

(2) Saurara

Motar ya kamata ta fitar da uniform da haske "haushi" sauti yayin aiki na yau da kullun, ba tare da hayaniya ko sauti na musamman ba.Idan hayaniya ta yi yawa, gami da hayaniyar lantarki, ƙarar amo, hayaniyar iska, hayaniyar juzu'i, da sauransu, yana iya zama mafari ko al'amari na rashin aiki.

① Don hayaniyar lantarki, idan motar tana fitar da sauti mai ƙarfi da nauyi, ƙila a sami dalilai da yawa.

a.Tazarar iska tsakanin stator da rotor ba daidai ba ne, kuma sautin yana jujjuyawa daga sama zuwa ƙasa tare da tazara guda ɗaya tsakanin manyan sauti da ƙananan sauti.Wannan yana faruwa ta hanyar lalacewa, wanda ke haifar da stator da rotor ba su da hankali.

b.Wutar lantarki mai hawa uku ba ta da daidaito.Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin kuskuren saukar ƙasa, gajeriyar da'ira, ko rashin kyawun hulɗar iskar matakai uku.Idan sautin ya yi rauni sosai, yana nuna cewa motar ta yi nauyi sosai ko kuma ta ƙare.

c.Sako da ƙarfe core.Jijjiga motar yayin aiki yana haifar da gyaran ƙullun ƙarfe na ƙarfe don sassautawa, yana haifar da sakin siliki na ƙarfe na ƙarfe don sassautawa da fitar da hayaniya.

② Don ɗaukar amo, ya kamata a sa ido akai-akai yayin aikin mota.Hanyar saka idanu ita ce danna ɗaya ƙarshen screwdriver a kan wurin da ake hawa, kuma ɗayan ƙarshen yana kusa da kunne don jin sautin motsi yana gudana.Idan na'urar tana aiki akai-akai, sautinsa zai zama ƙarami kuma ƙaramar sautin “tsatsa”, ba tare da wani canji na tsayi ko sautin gogayya na ƙarfe ba.Idan waɗannan sautunan sun faru, ana ɗaukar shi mara kyau.

a.Akwai sautin "ƙugiya" lokacin da abin ɗamarar ke gudana, wanda shine sautin juzu'i na ƙarfe, yawanci yakan haifar da rashin man fetur a cikin ɗamarar.Ya kamata a tarwatsa abin da aka yi amfani da shi kuma a kara shi tare da adadin man shafawa mai dacewa.

b.Idan akwai sautin “creaking”, sautin ne da aka yi lokacin da ƙwallon ke juyawa, yawanci yakan haifar da bushewar maiko mai mai ko rashin mai.Ana iya ƙara adadin mai mai dacewa da ya dace.

c.Idan akwai sautin ''danna'' ko ''creaking'', sauti ne da ke haifar da motsin ƙwallon ƙafa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin abin da ke ɗagawa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ƙwallon ƙwallon a cikin ɗaukar hoto ko kuma amfani da injin na dogon lokaci. , da bushewar man shafawa.

③ Idan na'urar watsawa da na'urar motsa jiki suna ci gaba da fitar da sauti maimakon jujjuyawar sautuna, ana iya sarrafa su ta hanyoyi masu zuwa.

a.Sautunan “popping” na lokaci-lokaci suna haifar da haɗin gwiwar bel mara daidaituwa.

b.Sautin “buguwa” na lokaci-lokaci ana haifar da shi ta hanyar haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiya ko jan hankali tsakanin ramummuka, da maɓallan sawa ko hanyoyin maɓalli.

c.Sautin karo marar daidaituwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan iska da ke karo da murfin fanfo.
(3) Kamshi

Ta hanyar jin warin motar, ana iya gano kurakuran da kuma hana su.Idan an sami ƙanshin fenti na musamman, yana nuna cewa zafin jiki na cikin motar ya yi yawa;Idan an sami ƙamshin ƙonawa mai ƙarfi ko ƙonawa, yana iya zama saboda karyewar rufin rufin ko kona iska.

(4) Tabawa

Taɓa yanayin zafin wasu sassan motar kuma na iya tantance musabbabin rashin aiki.Don tabbatar da aminci, ya kamata a yi amfani da bayan hannun don taɓa sassan da ke kewaye da rumbun motar da ɗakuna yayin taɓawa.Idan an sami rashin daidaituwa na yanayin zafi, ana iya samun dalilai da yawa.

① Rashin samun iska.Kamar cire fanko, toshe hanyoyin samun iska, da sauransu.

② Yin kiba.Yana haifar da wuce kima na halin yanzu da kuma zafi na iskar stator.

③ Gajeren kewayawa tsakanin iskar stator ko rashin daidaituwa na zamani mai kashi uku.

④ Yawan farawa ko birki.

⑤ Idan zafin zafin da ke kewaye da ɗaukar nauyi ya yi yawa, ana iya lalacewa ta hanyar lalacewa ko rashin mai.